686 |
Breccia delle Alpi, from the Alps |
Poorly sorted quartz/quartzite conglomerate with subsidiary lithic clasts. It is silicified, note clay matrix and quartz veins. |
772 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro di San Stefano di Quisquina, from Santo Stefano Quiquina, Bivona, Agrigento, Sicily, Italy |
Silicified limestone breccia with agate/crystalline quartz matrix and filling of fractures. Darker brown areas are filler. |
719 |
Jasper, locality unknown |
This appears to be a largely silicified oolitic ironstone or oolitic ironstone breccia. Swarms of sub-parallel dark brown fractures give the impression of wood grain. |
681 |
Pudingo antico, locality unknown |
Poorly sorted synsedimentary breccia/conglomerate. Red clasts are chert, containing igneous grains. |
699 |
Pudingo delle Alpi, from the Alps |
Lithic breccia-conglomerate with siliceous clasts. |
977 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro di Sicilia, from Sicily, Italy |
Brecciated orange-brown jasper with fractured agate matrix. Goethite forms inclusions in matrix and full/partial rims to clasts. Dendritic manganese oxides emanate from clast fractures, crystalline quartz fills smaller voids, microcrystalline calcite the larger ones. |
754 |
Calcedonio di Volterra, Diaspro di Monterufoli, from Monterufoli, near Pomarance, Pisa, Tuscany, Italy |
Off-white chert clasts in a partially silicified, partly calcite or more probably dolomite matrix. |
756 |
Diaspro di Barga, from Barga, Lucca, Tuscany, Italy |
Milky white chalcedony with aggregates of red hematitic inclusions is cut by a rhombohedral network of fine calcite-filled fractures. Later chalcedony/colourless quartz replaces and is coloured by orange brown siderite. Secondary fractures are more sinuous and random. Dark brown areas are filler/polishing compound. |
778 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro di Giuliana, from Giuliana, Palermo, Sicily, Italy |
Brecciated jasper. Red hematitic pellitic clasts are brown, goethitic at margins and along fractures, and are surrounded by milky agate. Matrix is creamy white granular/drusy calcite with patchy iron-staining. |
731 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro-agata di Giuliana, from Giuliana, Palermo, Sicily, Italy |
Brecciated brown jasper; agate matrix is patchy with hematitic inclusions in some bands; crystalline quartz fills voids. Buff-coloured areas are filler. |
736 |
Calcedonio di Volterra, Diaspro di Monterufoli, from Monterufoli, near Pomarance, Pisa, Tuscany, Italy |
Brecciated jasper; relatively unfractured large yellowish clasts, many with halos of yellow goethite banded with cream-coloured microcrystalline quartz. Matrix further away from clasts is colourless-milky agate. |
762 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro di Misilmeri, from Misilmeri, Palermo, Sicily, Italy |
Brecciated jasper. Heavily fractured clasts are green or transparent with patchy yellow inclusions. Cement is crystalline quartz and pale green microcrystalline calcite. Dark brown and dark green speckled areas are filler. |
759 |
Calcedonio di Volterra, Diaspro di Monterufoli, from Monterufoli, near Pomarance, Pisa, Tuscany, Italy |
Fractured, rounded jaspery clasts, haloes with banded colourless/ferruginous quartz, in a matrix of colourless granular dolomite. |
747 |
Sicilian jasper, from Sicily, Italy |
Brecciated yellow jasper, heavily fractured, with chalcedony/agate-filled fractures and cement. Orange red 'veins' are artificial filler in open fractures. |
730 |
Agata del San Stefano, from Santo Stefano Quisquina, Agrigento Sicily, Italy; or more probably quarzo di Monterufoli, from Monterufoli, near Pomarance, Pisa, Tuscany, Italy |
Brecciated agate, colourless crystalline quartz cement with spherular limonitic inclusions. Agate-lined quartz-filled fractures. |
732 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro-agata di Monreale, from Monreale, Palermo, Sicily, Italy |
Brecciated brown jasper with matrix and fracture fills of colourless crystalline quartz. |
746 |
Sicilian jasper, from Sicily, Italy |
Brecciated jasper; part red with colourless agate/crystalline quartz matrix, part yellow-brown with colourless crystalline quartz matrix. Later fractures are also filled with colourless quartz. |
771 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro di Giuliana, from Giuliana, Palermo, Sicily, Italy |
Brecciated red jasper with heavily-fractured agate matrix. Wider fractures are filled with white fine-grained quartz and yellowish carbonate mineral, the latter also present as colourless-yellow zoned rhombohedral crystals in both jasper and agate matrix. Pinkish-brown areas are filler. |
767 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro di Giuliana, from Giuliana, Palermo, Sicily, Italy |
A banded brown, yellow and green jasper breccia, matrix and fracture fills are part chalcedony part colourless quartz, fractures also with bands of pyrite. Microfossils are evident in some bright yellow areas. |
764 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro di Giuliana, from Giuliana, Palermo, Sicily, Italy |
A fractured banded yellow and green jasper breccia, matrix and fracture fills are part chalcedony part colourless quartz. Microfossils are abundant in bright yellow areas. |
741 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro di Sicilia, from Sicily, Italy, and most probably from Giancavallo, Bisaquino, Grattieri, or Santa Caterina, all in the province of Palermo. |
Brecciated jasper (ferruginous compact fine-grained quartz); brown/yellow/green translucent clasts in colourless crystalline quartz matrix. Yellow speckled 'clasts' and brown 'veins' are wax filler. |
748 |
Diaspro della Tolfa, from Monti della Tolfa, near Civitavecchia, Rome, Lazio, Italy (not confirmed) |
Colourless fine-grained quartz with bands and scattered inclusions of pyrite. Brown areas are filler/polishing compound. Circular aggregates of quartz crystals visible on side of specimen resemble silicified coral. |
761 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro di Santa Cristina Gela, from Santa Cristina Gela, Palermo, Sicily, Italy |
Breccia of yellow-brown jasper clasts cemented by agate, with cavities infilled by colourless quartz crystals. The whole rock has been heavily fractured, and recemented with quartz or with brown to black iron/manganese oxides, which also emanate as dendrites from fractures. A wide vein of granular orange calcite crosses the back of the specimen. |
738 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro-agata di Giancavallo, from Feudo Giancavallo, near Bisaquino, Palermo, Sicily, Italy |
Brecciated jasper, clasts mainly yellow, in places altered grey-brown. Matrix of colourless crystalline quartz has some inclusions of iron sulphides on ghost faces. Agate is present as late stage infill within quartz matrix. |
774 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro di Giuliana, from Giuliana, Palermo, Sicily, Italy |
Breccia or red jasper clasts in a white quartz/agate matrix, re-fractured and cemented with colourless crystalline quartz containing scattered inclusions of green chlorite. |
735 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro-agata di Adrano, from Adriano, Sicily, Italy |
Brecciated yellow jasper, clasts heavily fractured, fracture-fill and matrix are greyish white chalcedony stained yellowish away from clasts. Brown patches on specimen are filler, generally in crystalline quartz-lined cavities. |
739 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro-agata di Milazzo, from Milazzo, Messina, Sicily, Italy |
Brecciated jasper; matrix forms faint agate halos around clasts, elsewhere it is colourless quartz. Single crystals may enclose many small clasts or fill a whole fracture. |
744 |
Diaspro antico, locality unknown |
Brecciated jasper with black-speckled clasts, many with full or partial rims of opaque white chalcedony. Colourless/white/grey agate matrix has patchy yellow speckling, euhedral crystal inclusions of goethite, and minor late-stage crystalline quartz. No sardonyx is present. |
737 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro-agata di Caccamo, from Caccamo, Palermo, Sicily, Italy |
Brecciated jasper with yellow brown-dark brown clasts. Colourless crystalline quartz matrix has areas of chalcedony with botryoidal surface clearly visible in some places. |
776 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro di Palermo, probably diaspro di Navurra, from Palermo, Sicily, Italy; most probably from Feudo Navurra, near Casteldaccia. |
Brecciated jasper, clasts mottled orange/red with colourless/scarlet banded agate around rims. Matrix is impure grey or pure white coarsely crystalline calcite. |
779 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro di Giuliana, from Giuliana, Palermo, Sicily, Italy |
A breccia of green and brown jaspery siliceous clasts in a red, iron-stained, calcareous matrix |
757 |
Diaspro di Barga, from Barga, Lucca, Tuscany, Italy |
A breccia of brown jaspery fragments in colourless crystalline quartz, in turn surrounded by white chalcedony, voids are filled with yellowish crystalline quartz. |
733 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro-agata di Cefalú, probably from Cefalà Diana or Bagni di Cefalà, Palermo, Sicily, Italy |
Yellow-brown brecciated jasper with narrow chalcedony-filled fractures and agate matrix, matrix voids filled with crystalline quartz. Pale speckled areas are filler. |
745 |
Sicilian jasper, most probably diaspro di Giuliana, from Sicily, Italy, and most probably from Giuliana, Palermo. |
Brecciated red jasper with rims of opaque white chalcedony. Colourless crystalline quartz matrix is iron-stained and vughy away from clasts. Clasts have colourless quartz-filled fractures. |
734 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro-agata di Selinunte, from Selinunte, near Marinella, Trapani, Sicily, Italy |
Yellow brecciated jasper with chalcedony matrix, faintly agate banded in places with few translucent red/yellow bands. Note crystalline quartz-filled fractures contain layers of ?muscovite crystals. |
740 |
Calcedonio di Volterra, Diaspro di Monterufoli, from Monterufoli, near Pomarance, Pisa, Tuscany, Italy |
Brecciated grey-white chalcedony, agate in part; many clasts have halos of yellow goethite banded with cream-coloured microcrystalline quartz, the latter present elsewhere as matrix. |
982 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro di Sicilia, from Sicily, Italy |
Brecciated yellow-brown jasper, agate-filled fractures and matrix, voids filled with crystalline quartz. |
978 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro di Sicilia, from Sicily, Italy |
Brecciated red jasper with heavily fractured agate matrix patchily speckled with hematitic inclusions. Diffuse brown goethite forms inclusions and full/partial rims to clasts. Dendritic manganese oxides are common along fractures in matrix, crystalline quartz fills smaller voids, microcrystalline calcite the larger ones. |
752 |
'Diaspro delle Alpi', from the Alps (not confirmed) |
Breccia of white granular quartz and other clasts, many rimmed with muscovite, in a red ferruginous quartz matrix. Some fractures are filled with calcareous cemented sandstone. The whole rock is sheared and folded. |
742 |
almost certainly quarzo di Monterufoli, from Monterufoli, near Pomarance, Pisa, Tuscany, Italy |
Brecciated banded crystalline slightly smoky-amethystine quartz with some included euhedral black crystals, and aligned white 'feathers' of bubble inclusions. The reddish-brown bands are artificial filler in fracture cavities. |
679 |
Breccia verde d'Egitto, Breccia universale, from Wadi Hammamat, Eastern Desert, Egypt |
Metaconglomerate of metamorphic and igneous clasts (banded tuff, serpentinite, etc) in a sheared chloritised or epidotised matrix. Note that granitic clasts commonly also occcur in this stone, see 969. |
598 |
Serpentina di Corsica, from Corsica, France |
Breccia of angular clasts of brown and pale green serpentinite in a paler coloured matrix with a reticulated system of very fine grey fibrous chrysotile veins throughout. |
608 |
Serpentina delle Alpi, from the Alps |
Silicified serpentinite breccia. Rounded clasts of granular silicified serpentine in massive quartz matrix, with streaks of cream quartz-dolomite. |
571 |
Serpentina verde di Susa, from Val di Susa, Turin, Piedmont, Italy |
Serpentinite veined with fine-grained grey calcite. |
573 |
Serpentina verde di Calabria, from Calabria, Italy |
Brecciated serpentinite. |
584 |
Serpentina verde di Polcevera, from Polcevera, Genoa, Liguria, Italy |
Brecciated serpentinite. |
585 |
Serpentina verde di Polcevera, from Polcevera, Genoa, Liguria, Italy |
Brecciated serpentinite. |
586 |
Serpentina verde di Polcevera, from Polcevera, Genoa, Liguria, Italy |
Brecciated serpentinite. |
587 |
Serpentina verde di Polcevera, from Polcevera, Genoa, Liguria, Italy |
Brecciated serpentinite. |
421 |
Breccia della villa Adriana, breccia Quintilina, most probably from Levanto, Liguria, Italy |
Serpentinite breccia. |
489 |
Breccia degli Appennini, from the Apennines, Italy |
Deformed granitoid; porphyroblasts are quartz dominantly, perhaps originally vein quartz, now disrupted. |
677 |
Basalte di Venezia, from Venice, Veneto, Italy |
'Greenstone' - a brecciated metabasaltic tuff with calcite veins. Some clasts show weak graded bedding. |
665 |
Pietra dell'Etna, from Mt. Etna, Catania, Sicily, Italy |
Altered (?phonolitic) tephrite. It is brecciated, but similar in mineralogy to no. 664. Prominent black pyroxenes occur within and separated from the clasts. These also contain a strongly altered felsic mineral. The matrix is white carbonate, but the lack of rounding of pyroxenes suggests that it has infiltrated the rock, and not entered as a result of fracturing and movement. |
968 |
almost certainly breccia del Taigeto, breccia verde di Sparta, from the area of Krokees (Levetsova), Laconia, Peloponnese, Greece |
Synsedimentary breccio-conglomerate with clasts of porphyritic andesite. |
875 |
Granito delle Alpi, from the Alps; or perhaps breccia d'Armenia, from the historical region of Armenia |
Coarse hornblende quartz monzonite with pale green-stained (chloritic?) plagioclase and accessory apatite. Specimen shows faint foliation. |
698 |
Pudingo delle Alpi, from the Alps |
Well-sorted quartz conglomerate with subsidiary lithic clasts. |
1000 |
Granito delle Alpi, from the Alps; or perhaps from Elba, Livorno, Tuscany, Italy |
Breccia of calcite marble, limestone, serpentine, and metagabbro clasts, with a single large metagabbro clast forming the greater part of the specimen. |
979 |
Diaspro delle Alpi, from the Alps |
Poorly sorted breccio-conglomerate with very heavily fractured argillaceous siliceous clasts and a calcarenite cement. Brown is filler/polishing compound. |
971 |
Pudingo di Toscana, from Tuscany, Italy |
Polymict breccio-conglomerate, clasts are largely quartz or chert, and some have inclusions of pyrite. Matrix is calcarenite. |
976 |
'Diaspro d'Egitto', locality unknown |
Breccia of green iron-rich prase/aventurine? fragments in a chalcedony matrix. Abundant ferruginous ‘debris’ is in places altered to orange goethitic and red hematitic spherules. A broad colourless chalcedony vein traverses specimen. |
683 |
'Traccagnina delle Alpi', perhaps from the province of Verona, Italy |
Breccia-conglomerate of sub-angular to rounded limestone, dolostone and occasional quartz clasts in a ferruginous sparite matrix. Clasts show extensive fracturing. |
484 |
Serpentina di Torino from the province of Turin, Piedmont, Italy |
Poorly-sorted breccia of heavily fractured, calcite-cemented clasts of serpentinite in a gritty ferruginous matrix. |
647 |
Pietra dell'Etna, from Mt. Etna, Catania, Sicily, Italy |
Marble breccia. A low-density breccia with angular clasts of meta-carbonate, and hematite-filled veins. Much of the brown is filler. |
196 |
Fior di persico, from Seravezza, Lucca, Tuscany, Italy |
Marble; a tectonised and sheared limestone breccia-conglomerate. |
629 |
Pietra del Vesuvio, from Mt. Vesuvius, Naples, Campania, Italy |
A deformed, veined carbonate-rich rock. The cream tint and red fracture-fill is caused by jeweller's rouge used for polishing, and is not evident on the unpolished side of the specimen. Yellow is wax filler. The cream end of the specimen is a strongly deformed coarse clastic rock with rounded clasts up to 20mm, some containing brown oxide zones, that plastically intrude the other part. |
570 |
Serpentina verde di Varallo, from Varallo, Novara, Piedmont, Italy |
A sheared breccia of serpentinite clasts in fine-grained calcite matrix, with abundant streaks and grains of dark grey oxide minerals. |
639 |
Pietra del Vesuvio, from Mt. Vesuvius, Naples, Campania, Italy |
Volcanic breccia. This slightly altered polygenetic volcaniclastic rock has clasts/tephra which include alkali volcanic types, sediments and possible skarn fragments. It is poorly sorted and structureless, and may be an ignimbrite. |
648 |
Pietra dell'Etna, from Mt. Etna, Catania, Sicily, Italy |
Ignimbrite. A poorly sorted breccia with clasts of rusty-coloured medium grained crystalline rock, discrete crystals of altered feldspar, and ferromagnesian minerals, all in a very fine-grained hematite-bearing groundmass. There is a faint preferred orientation of the clasts. |
652 |
Pietra dell'Etna, from Mt. Etna, Catania, Sicily, Italy |
An altered ignimbrite. A poorly sorted breccia with clasts of rusty-brown medium-grained crystalline rock, discrete crystals of altered feldspar, and ferromagnesian minerals, all in a very fine-grained hematite-bearing groundmass. A faint preferred orientation of the clasts is evident. |
646 |
Pietra dell'Etna, from Mt. Etna, Catania, Sicily, Italy |
Altered volcanic breccia with a central pale grey fine-grained zone. The large rounded clasts are ferromagnesian-rich volcanic rock, one having a higher feldspar content. The fine-grained zone has a medium-grained leucocratic carbonate-rich core. |
651 |
Pietra dell'Etna, from Mt. Etna, Catania, Sicily, Italy |
An altered pumice flow breccia. Coarse breccia with clasts of red vesicular rock in pale carbonate matrix. The vesicles are carbonate-filled. |
645 |
Pietra dell'Etna, from Mt. Etna, Catania, Sicily, Italy |
Altered pumice breccia. Poorly sorted, with clasts up to 50mm, having rounded, carbonate-infilled vesicles. |
659 |
Pietra dell'Etna, from Mt. Etna, Catania, Sicily, Italy |
Volcanic breccia with sub-angular clasts of altered fine-grained basic rock and some of vesicular rock. Vesicles have carbonate infills, and some are surrounded by reaction rims which perhaps indicates magma mixing. The streaky texture suggests some plastic deformation. |
205 |
Fior di pesco (fior di persico), from Eretria, Euboea, Central Greece |
Triassic tectonite. A sheared marble breccia with late-stage calcite-filled veins and fractures |
330 |
Alabastro a pecorella, from Aïn Tekbalet district, Oran, Algeria. |
This appears to be a recrystallised brecciated compact banded travertine, composed of medium and coarse-grained granular calcite. It is coloured red by disseminated hematite. |
371 |
Alabastro di Civitavecchia, from Civitavecchia, Rome, Lazio, Italy |
Breccia of travertine clasts, peloids, algal debris and fine-grained ferruginous detritus in a sparite matrix . |
303 |
Alabastro a occhi, locality unknown |
Brecciated fine-grained compact banded travertine, with acicular and granular bands of calcite, some dark orange-brown coloured. |
301 |
Alabastro fiorito, most probably from the Pamukkale area, Denizli, Turkey |
Compact banded travertine, brecciated in places, composed of fine- to medium-grained calcite with some orange-brown ferruginous bands. Abundant cavities contain greyish brown wax filler. |
96 |
Cipollino rosso, from Kiyi Kislacik, Milas, Mugla Province, Turkey |
Fine to medium-grained folded impure limestone, now weakly metamorphosed to marble but the abundant debris suggesting it was in part a calcarenite. |
944 |
Breccia corallina, from Verzirhan, Bilecik,Turkey |
Weakly metamorphosed limestone breccia with stylolitised clast boundaries, and with small cavities filled with sparry calcite. |
251 |
Travertino di Monte Catini, from Montecatini Terme, Pistoia, Tuscany, Italy |
Limestone, brown ferruginous in places, composed of brecciated travertine, algal fragments and other bioclasts. Cavities are mostly filled with sparry calcite. |
691 |
Breccia di Torrita, from Torrita Tiberina, near Rome, Lazio, Italy |
Polymict conglomerate of limestone pebbles, bordering on compact calcite travertine. The cement is calcarenite. There is extensive brown filler. |
936 |
Alabastro antico, locality unknown |
Limestone breccia. Calcite travertine clasts, and a few gastropod shells, in a micritic (peloidal in places) matrix. |
441 |
Breccia del lago di Como, from Lake Como, Como, Lombardy, Italy |
Peloidal limestone breccia. The matrix is pale brown transparent calcite, as compact banded travertine in places. Note extensive brown filler/polishing compound. |
396 |
Breccia traccagnina, locality unknown |
Polymict limestone conglomerate with solution-modified sutured clast boundaries and stylolites. |
394 |
Breccia di Aleppo, from Island of Chíos, North Aegean, Greece |
Polymict limestone conglomerate with solution-modified clast boundaries and stylolites. |
950 |
Breccia corallina, from Verzirhan, Bilecik,Turkey |
Tectonic brecciated limestone breccia, heavily fractured with stylolites and solution-modified clast boundaries. |
169 |
Diaspro tenero di Sicilia, from Taormina, Messina, Sicily, Italy |
Re-sedimented limestone of the Rosso Ammonitico Formation. It is heavily stylolitised, and the colour is diagenetic. |
407 |
Griotte, from the Haute Pyrénées, France |
Lower Devonian red nodular limestone, clay-rich matrix, with extensive solution seams and stylolites |
166 |
Diaspro tenero di Sicilia, libeccio, from Feudo Lalia, Alia, Palermo, Sicily, Italy |
Heavily fractured stylolitised birds-eye limestone with extensive fenestral fabric (calcite-filled vugs). Matrix is fossiliferous peloidal micrite/microspar. |
129 |
Bianco e nero di Portoferraio, from Portoferraio, island of Elba, Livorno, Tuscany, Italy |
Black limestone breccia with white calcite-filled veins and fractures, some en echelon and fibrous in places. Abundant stylolites and thin fractures are filled with yellow siderite. |
110 |
Africano, from Sigacik (ancient Teos), Izmir Province, Turkey |
Cretaceous tectonic breccia of poorly sorted limestone clasts, with stylolites and calcite-filled fractures |
485 |
breccia rossa Appenninica, from between Biassa and Pegazzano, La Spezia, Liguria, Italy |
Burrowed stylolitised nodular limestone which has been tectonically modified. |
136 |
most probably giallo e nero di Carrara, from Carrara, Massa e Carrara, Tuscany, Italy |
Very poorly sorted breccia of black fine-grained weakly metamorphosed limestone in a white calcareous matrix; most of the stone is one larger clast which is crossed with white and ferruginous yellow veins. Note the yellow stylolites and stylolitic clast boundary. |
132 |
most probably giallo e nero di Carrara, from Carrara, Massa e Carrara, Tuscany, Italy |
Finely brecciated weakly metamorphosed fine-grained limestone with veins of saccharoidal to fibrous calcite; some veins and stylolites coloured yellow by included goethite. |
134 |
Portoro, from Portovenere, Liguria, Italy |
Breccia of black fine-grained weakly metamorphosed limestone with thin white calcite-filled veins, in a matrix of granular calcite coloured yellow by included goethite. Yellow stylolites are also prominent. |
161 |
Diaspro tenero di Sicilia, libeccio, from Gibellina Vecchia, Trapani, Sicily, Italy |
Recrystallised limestone; originally probably a noular micrite/microspar, voids filled by sparry calcite. Buff-coloured area are filler. |
781 |
Sicilian jasper, diaspro di Moardo, from Monte Moardo, Altofonte, Palermo, Sicily, Italy |
Silicified polymict limestone breccia, of fractured clasts with a drusy overgrowth of white quartz crystals in turn coated with agate. Matrix is orange iron-stained or white granular quartz. Note relic microfauna. |
758 |
Calcedonio di Volterra, Diaspro di Monterufoli, from Monterufoli, near Pomarance, Pisa, Tuscany, Italy |
Breccio conglomerate of siliceous jaspery clasts in a groundmass of partially silicified dolomitic limestone, cavities infilled with colourless to grey agate. |
473 |
Breccia di Monsumano, from Monsummano Terme, Pistoia, Tuscany, Italy |
Slumped/sheared limestone breccia with calcite-filled fractures and with small amounts of manganese oxides as dendrites and stylolites. |